Ecological Bulletin of Kryvyi Rih District
This scientific and scientific & methodological papers collection contains results of the research in the following fields: (i) modern problems of fundamental ecology, (ii) topical issues of ecology and the state of environment at industrial areas, (iii) ecological education and methods for natural sciences teaching. This periodic scholarly publication designed for: biologists, ecologists & environmentalists, university academics, teachers of lyceum / gymnasium / schools, specialists of out-of-school educational institutions, students and pupils, as well as all those who care about the environment of the native land.
USE OF CELL SELECTION IN OBTAINING STRESS RESISTANT TOBACCO (NICOTIANA TABACUM L.) TO DELIPIDATED SALINITY AND ANTHROPOGENIC POLLUTION
Soil salinity is one of the environmental factors that lead to a significant reduction in plant yields. Due to the overall deterioration of the global environmental picture and the widespread use of artificial irrigation, there is a growing need to breed salt-resistant plant species. The use of plant cell culture also makes it possible to study stress resistance. The advantage of in vitro testing of plant resistance to abiotic factors is the rapid assessment of polygenic resistance. The use of the cell selection method with the application of lethal doses of IPM is a guaranteed method of isolating cell cultures that are characterised by active vital activity under the influence of such a stress load. The tobacco cell lines resistant to barium cations (Ba-CCL) were obtained. The frequency of isolation of resistant variants in any genotype corresponded to the order of 10-6. In cell breeding, resistance is assessed by the relative increase in callus biomass (∆m), which indicates the degree of vital activity (stress damage). The applied concentration of Ba2+ cations was lethal for wild-type cell cultures. The obtained resistant cultures were considered to be resistant tobacco cell lines, which was proved by further results. They were characterised by stable proliferation under the influence of stressor ions and retained this feature in cell generations after prolonged cultivation without selective pressure.
CURRENT ISSUES OF THE APPLIED ECOLOGY AT INDUSTRIAL AREAS
salinity, cell selection, resistance, Nicotiana tabacum L., stress tolerance, K+ and Na+ ions, regenerant, ptotein, lines
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS ON THE LEVEL OF FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY OF THE LEAF BLADE OF BETULA PENDULA ON DEVASTATED LANDS
The article presents the results of assessing the variability of morphometric parameters of silver birch (Betula pendula) leaf blades on the devastated lands of the Petrovsky iron ore dump. The study utilized the results of our own research conducted from 2022 to 2023 on the territory of the Petrovsky dump in the Kryvyi Rih iron ore region. Investigations were carried out on technogenically disturbed areas that had not been reclaimed. It was found that the morphometric parameters of birch leaf blades exhibit clear ecological determinism. On all investigated plots characterized by a high level of pollution, the fluctuating asymmetry for Betula pendula, naturally occurring on the devastated lands of the Petrovsky dump, was determined to be 0.0556, indicating an approximation of the ecological condition to a pre-critical level. After calculating the average values of the integrated FA indicators across all sites, it was established that the most sensitive feature to adverse conditions in devastated lands is the distance between the bases of the first and second-order veins (0.132), while the most stable feature is the second characteristic (length of the second-order vein from the base of the leaf), which is 0.024. Maximum Spearman's correlation coefficients were recorded between the parameters: gross content of heavy metals in the soil of devastated lands and the level of fluctuating asymmetry in birch leaves (r = 0.800). The study demonstrates that woody plant species on the Petrovsky dump are generally subject to the influence of adverse environmental factors.
Betula pendula, fluctuating asymmetry, correlation analysis, devastated lands, iron ore dump, Petrovsky dump, Kryvyi Rih.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CURRENT STATUS OF PARKLAND TREES IN URBANIZED STEPPE AREAS OF THE DNIPRO REGION IN UKRAINE
In the anthropogenically altered landscapes of the Dnieper Steppe, the regulation of abiotic atmospheric and soil-forming processes, in particular through the density of artificially created forest ecosystems through dynamic restoration of soil fertility, is, in our opinion, a promising program for the post-war period of restoration of Ukrainian forest resources in the regions. Plant resources are exploited to economic and biological extent. Exploitation in horticulture has led to the fact that a small number of species have been destroyed in the wild and survived in cultivation. Over the past 3-5 years, there has been no clear consensus for most of the Dnipro region on the rates of reduction of introduced tree species and populations of woody plants of natural and artificial origin. The centers of introduced tree species have covered the territory of the Dnipro region of Ukraine with a network of parks and have significantly changed the general appearance of the forest ecosystems of the Dnipro steppe. Parks occupy small areas, but carry significant recreational value. Download. By conducting studies of the species composition of park plantings, the level of vital activity and current state in the conditions of urbanized territories of the Dnipro steppe, counting the number of woody plants, installing the age structure and percentage composition of the tree stand on the example of the park of the city of Dnipro and the city of Kryvyi Rih. Using the method of conducting research on the species composition of park plantings, the level of vital activity and current state in the conditions of urbanized territories of the Dnieper steppe region were determined, the number of woody plants was counted, and the age structure and percentage composition of the tree stand were established using the example of the parks of the city of Dnipro and the city of Kryvyi Rih. Of particular interest now are trees - long-lived, dominant species of the existing dendroflora. They are of great interest as representatives of a valuable gene pool. Based on the work done for each park, an inventory plan and a passport of the municipal facility were drawn up.
adaptation strategies of woody plants, features of trees in urban areas, stress, stability of tree stands
CURRENT STATE OF FLORA IN THE ZONE OF INFLUENCE OF DUMP "2-3" OF PJSC "ARCELORMITTAL KRYVYI RIH".
The plant communities adjacent to the dumps, in contrast to the plant communities of the dumps, are poorly studied from a floristic point of view and require in-depth research to establish the species composition of plants. Such studies will allow us to establish the peculiarities of the taxonomic composition of plant communities formed between dumps and agricultural areas. We conducted a study of the taxonomic composition of plant communities in the area affected by the "2-3" OF PJSC "ARCELORMITTAL KRYVYI RIH" near the village of Stepove. The species composition was determined at 42 sample plots around the dump. It was found that the current species composition of plant communities in the 2-3 dump area consists of 97 species of angiosperms from 36 families. The plant communities include 28 species of trees and shrubs belonging to 16 families. The Red Data Book of Ukraine includes the following species: Morchella steppicola Zerova, Muscari neglectum Guss. Ex Ten., Stipa capillata L., Amygdalus nana L., Thymus dimorphus Klokov et Des-Schost.. The Regional List of Protected Plants of Dnipropetrovska oblast includes 3 species - Amygdalus nana L., Thymus dimorphus Klokov et Des-Schost. Muscari neglectum Guss. Ex Ten. Thus, the flora of the waste heap impact zone formed as a result of the processes of self-overgrowth has signs of steppe and is represented mainly by wild species of the steppe florocoenotype.
Macrophytes have a wide range of ecological roles and make a significant contribution to the structure, viability and functioning of hydroecosystems, helping to maintain ecological balance, biodiversity and appropriate water quality. Aquatic plants are important components of biogeochemical cycles; they participate in nutrient cycling, gas exchange regulation and water purification. The root systems of aquatic plants help to stabilize the sediment and coastal soil, thereby reducing the risk of erosion and siltation of riverbed. Macrophytes are sensitive to changes in the physicochemical properties of water, such as the concentration of pollutants, oxygen content, temperature and water purity. Such bioindicative properties are used to monitor the ecological state of rivers and predict environmental changes. Fluctuations in the structure of macrophyte communities can indicate eutrophication of water bodies, their pollution with heavy metals or pesticides, disruption of the hydrological regime and degradation of the ecosystem as a whole. The paper considers the classification of aquatic plants taking into account different approaches; in more detail, with a large number of examples, by life form. Among the many functions of macrophytes in river ecosystems, the authors have more thoroughly examined the role of macrophytes in purifying water from pollutants. Eutrophication of water and pollution of water bodies with heavy metals are the result of anthropogenic activity, which threatens the people health, aquatic organisms and entire ecosystems. Traditional methods of water purification are mostly expensive, not always environmentally safe, inefficient and time-consuming. Phytoremediation is a modern technology for water purification using various types of macrophytes, which has gained popularity due to the discovery of plants capable of removing excessive concentrations of essential nutrients and/or accumulating heavy metals. The elimination of pollutants can occur by various mechanisms (phytoextraction, phytostimulation, phytostabilization, phytoevaporation, phytodegradation), but the main thing is the fact of removing a large number of pollutants, which leads to the purification of the water bodies. Phytoremediation is a relatively inexpensive biotechnology that has been rapidly developing recently. The paper analyzes studies on the ability of macrophytes to reduce N and P concentrations, with hydatophytes playing a particularly important role in this process, which are capable of enhanced absorption of nutrients by stems. The paper also analyzes studies of hydrophytes and hydatophytes for their ability to remove some heavy metals and metalloids (Zn, As, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb and Hg), thereby contributing to the revitalization of polluted rivers and even technogenic reservoirs (such as tailings ponds). The latter is very relevant for solving the ecological problems of the hydroecosystem of the technogenically-loaded region of Kryvbas. It is shown that the most important part of active phytoremediation is the selection of effective plant species.
classification of aquatic plants, macrophytes, river ecosystems, eutrophication, water pollution by heavy metals, the role of macrophytes in aquatic ecosystems, phytoremediation.
ЕКОЛОГІЧНИЙ ПІДХІД ДО ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКИХ РОСЛИН НА ПРИКЛАДІ TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.: МОРФОМЕТРИЧНІ, ФІЗІОЛОГІЧНІ ТА БІОХІМІЧНІ РЕАКЦІЇ
Having the ability to organise a programme of their individual development depending on the prevailing cultivation conditions, the adaptive response of plants to stress includes changes in regulatory and metabolic structures, the level of interconnections of which combines different types of adaptive reactions. Recently, the development of biotechnological methods has made it possible to determine which characteristics change in response to a particular stress and has shown that genetic control of adaptation mechanisms to various types of adverse effects is a complex system of signal transduction pathways and regulatory factors. Recently, the development of plant forms with an increased level of osmotolerance to osmotic stresses has been associated with the use of biotechnological methods. An important role in maintaining plant osmotolerance belongs to free proline, which is one of the most multifunctional stress metabolites in plants. The germination of seeds under simulated water stress was studied. Stress was created by 0.5 M and 0.8 M mannitol solution. In the presence of mannitol, a decrease in the number of seedlings was observed in all tested variants. At the same time, genotypic differences were observed. To study the salt tolerance, the seeds were germinated for 10 days in a 0.5 diluted Murashige-Skoog solution with the addition of 20.0 and 25.0 g/l of seawater salts. On day 10, the content of free proline in the leaves of young plants was analysed. An increase in the level of proline was observed in response to salt stress. Genotypic differences were observed in the degree of the reaction. The nature of the accumulation of free proline under normal and stressful conditions provides evidence in favour of the functioning of the plant gene. Under osmotic stress, the level of free proline increases as a result of synthesis. These genotypic features may indicate an indirect effect on the endogenous genes of the plant. At the initial stages of research, the stress-response relationship can be established by changing the conditions of stress and recovery. The fundamental role of proline in osmotic regulation and increasing the ability of plants to withstand cell dehydration caused by salinity, drought or extreme temperatures is well understood.
proline, winter wheat, growth parameters, soil drought, osmotic resistance
RARE AND ENDANGERING SPECIES OF HERBAL PLANTS GROWING IN THE FOREST PARK OF PEOPLE FRIENDSHIP (DNIPRO CITY)
For the Red Book plants of the Dnipropetrovsk region, more and more attention should be paid every year to the protection of the habitats of species growing in urban areas - in urban communities. . Their status and ecological value are of direct importance for strengthening phytocenotic relationships between plants in the environment.. Plants of natural phytocenoses that have survived in the park zone of the city of Dnipro have adapted to such harsh conditions due to changes that are reflected in the functioning of plant organisms. Due to this, only species that have acquired adaptive abilities to environmental conditions can grow. Thus, in the Druzhby narodiv forest park, areas of natural phytocenoses have been preserved in their original state, which include rare plant species belonging to steppe, meadow and swamp vegetation. In accordance with the law of Ukraine "Red Book of Ukraine" of February 7, 2002, we have included a list of plant species that are under threat of extinction in this category of plants. Based on the research conducted in this park, an inventory list of rare herbaceous plants was compiled.
industrial city, park area, Red Book plants, rare and endangered species.
CONSERVATION OF THE DIVERSITY OF BOTANICAL GARDEN COLLECTIONS USING IN VITRO TECHNIQUES: A CASE STUDY OF MORUS RUBRA L.
This article presents the results of the development of in vitro propagation protocols for species represented in the collection of the Tashkent Botanical Garden. The explants of Morus rubra L. from the botanical garden collection were introduced into culture using the in vitro method, with the influence of various phytohormones tested to optimize plant regeneration. For explant introduction, WPM (Woody Plant Medium) with 30% sucrose and 0.2 mg/l BAP was selected as the most effective nutrient medium. Rhizogenesis was successfully stimulated on a nutrient medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l IBA. Following the successful development of root systems, a gradual acclimatization process was employed to help the plants adapt to greenhouse conditions. Initially, the plants were transferred to moist vermiculite in covered containers and kept in growth chambers for 1–2 weeks under controlled environmental conditions to minimize transplant shock and promote root system strengthening. Following this, the plants were transplanted into a peat-based substrate, kept covered to maintain high humidity, and incubated in growth chambers. Over time, the covers were gradually removed to allow the plants to adjust to ambient humidity and temperature fluctuations. This gradual acclimatization process significantly improved the survival rates and ensured the successful establishment of Morus rubra L. plants under ex vitro conditions demonstrating the effectiveness of the developed in vitro propagation protocol for this species.
botanical garden, in vitro propagation, Morus rubra L.
CONSERVATION OF THE DIVERSITY OF BOTANICAL GARDEN COLLECTION WITH THE USE OF IN VITRO TECHNIQUES WITH EXAMPLE OF PTELEA TRIFOLIATA L. (RUTACEAE JUSS.)
This article presents the results of in vitro propagation of Ptelea trifoliata L. from the collection at Tashkent Botanical Garden. In vitro propagation plays a key role in conserving threatened plant species, as many species face increasing extinction risks due to environmental changes and human activities. To address this, the Biotechnology Laboratory at the Institute of Botany in Tashkent has initiated a program focused on the in vitro preservation of plant species, including those at risk of extinction. The collection includes both plants from natural habitats and specimens maintained within the Botanical Garden. Several culture media were tested for their effectiveness in supporting the in vitro propagation of Ptelea trifoliata. Among the options evaluated, McCown’s Woody Plant Medium (WPM) with additional vitamins from Duchefa Biochemie B.V. was identified as the most suitable for this species. WPM, specifically designed for woody plants, provided an optimal nutrient composition that promoted healthy growth and development of the plant material. This medium was further enriched with plant growth regulators, including indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), to stimulate optimal root and shoot development. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the successful in vitro propagation of Ptelea trifoliata using McCown’s Woody Plant Medium supplemented with IBA, NAA, and BAP. The refined protocol enhances explant viability and facilitates the large-scale propagation of this species, making it a valuable tool for conservation and large-scale propagation initiatives. Through tissue culture techniques, this approach offers a sustainable solution to preserve plant biodiversity, ensuring that endangered species are protected for future generations.
in vitro propagation, botanical garden collection
CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL EDUCATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF NEURAL NETWORK ITERATIONS
Modern education is undergoing transformation due to digitalization and integration of new technologies, one of the key factors is the development of artificial intelligence (AI) and neural networks, which are actively introduced into the educational process. This is especially true of natural sciences, where large volumes of data are analyzed, modeling and forecasting play a critical role. Information technologies, in particular artificial intelligence (AI) and neural networks, play a key role in the transformation of natural education. The article considers the concept of iterative development of neural networks and their impact on the methods of teaching the discipline of the natural cycle. Also, the possibilities of applying AI in biology, physics, chemistry, geography, ecology, agricultural sciences and medicine are analyzed. The impact of AI on natural education is significant and the result is transformative. Due to adaptability, the possibilities of automation and individualization of learning, AI opens up new opportunities for improving the quality of education. However, at the same time, important ethical issues related to the use of AI are involved, in particular, in the context of privacy and preserving the role of the teacher. Further development of AI in education requires a thoughtful approach to maintain a balance between technological achievements and human values, which are the basis of the educational process.
THE PROBLEMS OF ECOLOGICAL EDUCATION, UPBRINGING AND METHODS OF NATURAL SCIENCES
education, natural sciences, iteration, neural networks, artificial intelligence.
METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TEACHING NATURAL SCIENCES IN DISTANCE EDUCATION
Distance education is becoming increasingly important in the lives of students, which affects the change of methods, means and approaches to learning. Online education has been actively developing for quite a long time. In general education institutions, this is a new form of knowledge acquisition, and therefore there are almost no scientific works that would be devoted to the consideration of methodological aspects of teaching biology and chemistry in distance education. The competency-based learning approach outlined in the State Standard has special cross-cutting skills, namely: reading comprehension, ability to express one's own opinion orally and in writing, critical and systematic thinking, ability to logically justify a position, creativity, initiative, ability to constructively manage emotions, assess risks, make decisions, solve problems, and the ability to cooperate with others. That is why there are changes in the methodological approaches to teaching natural sciences in the context of distance education. The article substantiates the methodological aspects, techniques and features of teaching natural sciences, in particular in biology, chemistry and an integrated course in secondary school. An effective means of improving the quality of the educational process is the widespread introduction of innovations in the study of these disciplines in the context of distance education. This will help to prepare students with high-quality.
methodological aspects of teaching, teaching of natural sciences, preparation of students for NMT, science education, educational technologies.
CONTENT, METHODOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE PREPARATION AND CONDUCT OF ECOLOGICAL EXCURSIONS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF Kryvyi Rih)
The greening of thinking and the hedonization of life are processes that have greatly influenced the motives for spending leisure time in recent decades. Ecotourism has become a way of exploring unique and exotic natural landscapes and a tool for their preservation. Such an interpretation of ecotourism deprives residents of large industrial cities, far from such environmental sites, of the opportunity to join the process of ecological cognition. The available sources analyzed by the authors show that the concept of ecological excursions is not developed, which overlaps with ecological tourism, but is aimed at revealing only one aspect of ecology - the problem of protecting natural landscapes within specially protected natural areas/water bodies. The author's interpretation of ecological excursions as a type of industrial and sustainable tourism is broader. Only through understanding the essence of an environmental problem can we find ways to solve it, and during ecological excursions, visitors can directly understand the nature and causes of the environmental crisis, its consequences, offer local solutions to environmental problems, and gain experience in environmental behavior through observation, study, understanding, and research under the guidance of a qualified guide. The authors of the study set out to reveal the essence of the content and methodological features of preparing and conducting excursions. Based on their own many years of experience in excursion activities, the authors substantiated and characterized their own vision of the excursion process related to environmental education and upbringing. The problematic aspects of the existing approach are highlighted and the authors' own vision of the process of developing, organizing and conducting environmental excursions is substantiated. The specific features of each stage of the development of an ecological excursion are identified, and examples of methods from the author's own experience are given.
ecological excursion, ecological tourism, sustainable tourism, industrial tourism, method of preparing and conducting excursions.
TAXONOMIC COMPOSITION OF THE HOLARCTIC GROUP OF AREAS OF PLANT GROUPS OF TECHNOGENIC ECOTOPES OF THE KRYVBAS DUMPS
The article highlights aspects of the theory of composition of communities, which is the resulting expression of their development, a consequence of the manifestation of species’ adaptive capabilities as components of many variations in forms of living matter in the biosphere. It is noted that analyzing taxonomic composition and construction of taxon spectra of plant communities is a necessary initial stage in understanding their structure, connection systems, potential opportunities, development trends, optimization and conservation. It is determined that specifying the taxonomic composition of plant communities of technogenic ecotopes of dumps at the level of their chorological components is a logical integral direction for the development of the theory of ecological and taxonomic spectra. Research has established that the taxonomic composition of the Holarctic range group consists of 165 species, 130 genera, and 39 families of angiosperms. The leading families of the general taxonomic spectrum of Holarctic angiosperms in terms of the number of species and genera are Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Rosaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Caryophyllaceae. They include 66,68% of the taxonomic spectrum of species of the Holarctic range group and 70,78% of the taxonomic spectrum of genera. The taxonomic spectrum of species of the Holarctic range group is characterized by the dominance in terms of the number of species and genera of a few families and a fairly high proportion of families represented by one species or one genus. The leading families retain their leading positions in terms of the number of genera, but there is no clear advantage of individual genera in terms of the number of species. The most species-rich genera of angiosperms of the Holarctic range group are Artemisia L., Centaurea L., Euphorbia L., Acer L., Ulmus L. The highest rates of participation of representatives of the Holarctic range group are in the spectra of taxa (species, genera, families) of communities of terrace sites and plateau-like peaks, and the lowest ones are in the taxon spectra of communities occurring the slopes of technogenic stows. The proportion of Eurasian, Holarctic, European, Palearctic plants having extended spectra of taxonomic volume in the taxonomic spectra is significant, etc. The prospects for further studies of the features of the Holarctic component of serial plant communities of dumps with detailing the features of the taxonomic fund for individual stows and their zones, with specification at the level of chorological groups, ecomorphic capacity, florogenetic relations of taxa, the distribution specifics, economic assessment of species and the development of zonally expedient ways to optimize the vegetation of technogenic ecotopes in disturbed lands are determined.
plant communities (groups), dumps, technogenic ecotopes, composition, а group of ranges (habitats), chorological group, a taxon, spectra.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF BIODEGRADABLE FILMS BASED ON AGAR
A wide range of properties, along with economic availability, have made products made of polymer materials an integral part of all areas of our life. The rapid growth rate of the production of artificial and synthetic polymers and the short "useful life" time for a significant part of them have put humanity in front of a serious problem of the accumulation of plastic waste and its negative impact on the environment, especially on living nature. Banning the use of thin and ultra-thin films slows down the rate of plastic pollution, but does not solve the problem as a whole. In addition, in some cases there is no acceptable alternative to replace their use. Therefore, one of the ways to solve this problem is to replace harmful plastics in mass-use products (bags, packaging films, etc.) with those that have similar properties, but are harmless to the environment, namely, capable of decomposing in a much shorter time and not to form harmful substances. Today, several types of biodegradable plastics are widely used, but not all of them are completely safe for the environment, so the search for safe plastic has not lost its relevance. The article analyzes normative and scientific materials on the topic of synthesis, properties and use of biodegradable films, gives the results of the study of film formation processes in the system: agar-agar - glycerol - sap of plants of the Euphorbia family, and proposed methods of synthesis of three types of films of different composition. A set of properties was established for all obtained films: tensile strength, relative elongation, permeability to moisture, solubility in neutral, acidic and alkaline solutions, and their comparative characteristics were given. The perspective of further studies of films of this composition for their practical use is shown.
plastic, biodegradable films, bioplastic, agar-agar, biodegradable polymers
MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE FLORA OF KRYVYI RIH CITY
The study of the taxonomic composition of the native flora of Kryvyi Rih allowed to register 740 species of angiosperms, representing 335 genera of 79 families. The species of the class Magnoliopsida significantly prevail in terms of numbers, which include 594 species of 273 genera of 60 families. Monocots - Liliopsida include 146 species of 62 genera of 19 families. The study of the taxonomic composition of the native flora of Kryvyi Rih allowed us to identify 234 species of medicinal plants of 146 genera of 55 families. During the analysis of the taxonomic composition of medicinal plants of the native flora, the largest number of species and genera was found, which include the following 30 families Lamiaceae – 26 / 16; Asteraceae – 26 / 14; Caryophyllaceae – 16 / 10; Scrophulariaceae – 15 / 5; Rosaceae – 14 / 11; Ranunculaceae – 14 / 8; Polygonaceae – 14 / 4; Fabaceae – 8 / 7; Chenopodiaceae – 7 / 6; Plantaginaceae – 7 / 1; Brassicaceae – 6 / 6; Apiaceae – 6 / 5; Rubiaceae – 5 / 1; Poaceae – 4 / 3; Dipsacaceae – 4 / 3; Boraginaceae – 3 / 3; Crassulaceae – 3 / 3; Valerianaceae – 3 / 2; Lemnaceae – 3 / 2; Campanulaceae – 3 / 1; Ulmaceae – 3 / 1; Gentianaceae – 3 / 1; Salicaceae – 2 / 1; Limoniaceae – 2 / 1; Primulaceae – 2 / 1; Urticaceae – 2 / 1; Convolvulaceae – 2 / 1; Cuscutaceae – 2 / 1; Clusiaceae – 2 / 1; Convallariaceae –2 / 1. 25 families contain only 1 species of 1 genus.
flora, medicinal plants, urbanflora, taxon.
СТВОРЕННЯ ЧАГАРНИКОВИХ УГРУПОВАНЬ ЯК ОСЕРЕДКІВ ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ БІОРІЗНОМАНІТТЯ ЖОВТОКАМЯНСЬКОГО КАР’ЄРУ
The completion of mining in open-pit mines raises the issue of their further use. It is important to ecologically restore such areas, create habitats for plant and animal communities, and restore biodiversity. The non-operational part of the Zhovtokamianska quarry has a depleted species composition of shrubs. New species of shrubs and shrub communities will create additional habitats for plant and animal species and help restore the quarry's biodiversity. Within the non-operational part of the Zhovtokamianka open pit, we have identified five areas with environmental habitats that meet the biological properties of shrub species. Based on the criteria of drought resistance, frost resistance, viability, flowering and fruit ripening periods, trophicity, and the possibility of use by fauna, 8 shrub species were selected for planting within these areas. According to the criteria, the following species were selected for planting: White snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake). Japanese kerria (Kerria japonica (L.) Dc.), Common privet (Ligustrum vulgare L.), European euonymus (Euonymus europaeus L.), Japanese spiraea (Spiraea japonica L.f.), Tatar honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica L.), Zvehinzov lilac (Syringa sweginzowii Koehne & Lindl.), Cossack juniper (Juniperus sabina L.). In 2018, 33 plants of these species were planted. All species successfully completed the growing season of 2018, but 90.9% of plants (30 out of 33 specimens) took root in the new location. 2 plants of Syringa sweginzowii Koehne & Lindl. and 1 plant of Euonymus europaeus L. died. Surveys in 2019-2021 revealed that all shrubs are in good condition, passing through the stages of flowering and fruiting (with the exception of Juniperus sabina L., which is vegetating). The planted shrub species are beautifully flowering early spring and ornamental plants, have improved the aesthetic perception of the territory of the idle part of the Zhovtokamianskyi open pit and, together with shrub species of natural flora, have become a habitat for habitat, feeding and reproduction of various groups of wildlife - arachnids, insects, reptiles, birds and mammals. The fruits and seeds of the shrubs will continue to spread to new areas, both within the open pit and adjacent to it, increasing their biodiversity. The created shrub communities will help increase the gene pool of wild flora, accelerate the processes of self-renewal of tree, shrub and herbaceous vegetation to the zonal type.
biodiversity, shrubs, Zhovtokamyansky quarry
USING OF PLANT TEST SYSTEMS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION INDICATIONS OF THE KRYVYI RIH CITY (OVERVIEW)
The issue of optimizing the urban environment is of primary importance in the modern conditions of the rapid process of urbanization. Plants that are sensitive to environmental pollution and have a quick reaction to the presence of even small doses of toxic substances in the air play an important role in the system of measures to improve the ecological state of cities; therefore, they are considered the best indicators of the state of the air environment. Usually, the assessment of the state of ecological systems is carried out according to various ecological standards and regulations. Among them, the most important are environmental quality standards, which are expressed in indicators of maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in individual environmental objects. Such approaches are based only on instrumental physico-chemical methods of analysis and are focused on monitoring compliance with standardized indicators. However, such methods do not always timely illustrate the full picture of the impact of pollutants on biota in technogenical-loaded regions, where there is a constant risk of increasing the genetic stress of the environment, which is caused to entry into the ecotopes of pollutants with pronounced mutagenic activity. Therefore, recently a well-founded trend of assessment of the transformed ecosystems state traced not only by traditional physicochemical methods, but also by bioindication methods. Bioindicative methods make it possible to determine the complex effect of all pollutants present in environmental objects; they are highly sensitive and sufficient for adequate assessments. Long-term studies on the assessment of the Kryvyi Rih city ecological condition have reasonable results and its based, as a rule, on the use of standard methods. Bioindication, as an alternative and promising approach in such studies, is not widespread enough and using very rarely. The article summarizes information about the use of plants in bioindicative studies of the Kryvyi Rih city. The use of woody and herbaceous plants in ecological stress determining of the city is compared. The significance of bioindication for monitoring studies of the city territory is considered. The perspective of using cytogenetic bioindicative studies for the integrated assessment of the environment of the Kryvyi Rih iron ore region is analyzed.
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE CURRENT STATE OF WOODY PLANT COMMUNITY GROWING NATURALLY ON THE DEVASTATED LANDS OF THE IRON DUMP (KRYVYI RIH)
The article presents the study results of the current condition of the dendrocenoses flora naturally distributed on the devastated lands of Petrivskyi iron ore dump. Taxonomic composition, life status of trees, dendrometric parameters of the studied species were investigated on the example of tree-shrub plant communities of disturbed lands. The research was conducted on devastated areas that were not rehabilitated. 22 species of woody plants (14 genera and 12 families) naturally grow within the temporary experimental plots of the Petrivskyi iron ore dump. Among them adventive species (63.6%) have a significant advantage compared to aboriginal species (36.4%) by quantitative indicators. The vitality of dendrophytocenoses naturally distributed on the devastated lands of Petrivskyi iron ore dump was established according to three criteria: according to the indicators of the number of trunks (70.51±1.28 conditional points), trunk wood stocks (68.62±3.43 conditional points) and the sum of cross-sectional areas (67.39±2.98 conditional points). The current life status of woody plant species in the iron ore dump according to V. A. Alekseyev’s scale (1989) is estimated as “Weakened”: 65–71 conditional points. Such numerical values of the vitality of the trees are 21–28% lower than the control indicators (natural community of Gurivka forest). The trees dendrometric parameters on disturbed lands were established (planting density, average height and diameter, sum of cross-sectional areas, stock of trunk wood). In all researched areas, which are characterized by a high level of pollution, the biometric parameters of trees are significantly lower compared to plants growing in a conditionally clean zone. Our results indicate that the ecological conditions of the devastated lands of Petrovsky dump are relatively favourable for the growth and development of woody and shrub plant species.
TERRITORIAL DIFFERENTIATION OF KRYVBAS OLDEN DUMPS VEGETATION COVER
Old age dumps have significant scientific value in terms of preserving information about the course of the late stages of successional development of vegetation and mining landscapes in general. The study of the spatial distribution of vegetation on the iron ore dumps of the Kryvyi Rih Iron Ore Basin is currently fragmentary, so information on the territorial and structural aspect of the vegetation cover organization such objects of industrial heritage is the next step in learning the ways of their genesis. The aim of the work is to identify the patterns of territorial differentiation of iron ore dumps vegetation in Kryvyi Rih Iron Ore Basin using the examples of small dumps in the gully Pivnichna Chervona and the olden mines “Dubova balka” and “Rakhmanivskyi”. The work is based on the materials of field research conducted in 2016–2021; 80 geobotanical descriptions were used and 5 large-scale vegetation maps were created. The results of the territorial differentiation research of phytostructures, it was established that it is caused by the heterogeneity of ecotopes and is characterized by a fine-contour mosaic. Over a hundred-year period of self-development of these post-mining landscapes, ruderal cenostructures were completely eliminated from the vegetation, instead, “quasi-steppe” and petrophytic communities, similar to natural ones in terms of floral composition, were formed. The share of woody vegetation is higher in the territorial dumps structure in the north of the region, compared to the dumps in the central part; at the same time, in the northern part of Kryvyi Rih there is a predominance of representatives of the aboriginal flora in the cenostructures. The presence of drought-resistant adventitious species in the woody vegetation increases as the dumps move south along the latitudinal gradient and the contours of the vegetation themselves shift from the plateau to the slopes with more favourable microclimatic conditions. The regularity of territorial differentiation is the presence of significant areas of ecotopes without vegetation on the steep slopes of all the investigated dumps. We associate the further stage of their overgrowth with the development of tree-shrub communities. Prospects for further research are to use them in the organization of the ecological monitoring system of technogenesis zones of the Kryvyi Rih region.
THE INFLUENCE OF MINING PROCESSING ENTERPRISE POLLUTANTS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND THE ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS INTO FLOWERING AND DECORATIVE PLANTS LEAVES
The paper presents the results of heavy metals accumulation analysis and the development of oxidative stress processes in the two species of the genus Hemerocallis leaves, which grew near a mining processing enterprise. In the industrial pollution conditions, the species-specific nature of the heavy metals accumulation by the assimilation organs of ornamental plants has been established. It has been proven that H. middendorffii concentrated most of the toxic elements in its leaves during the growing season. At the same time, the high concentration of pollutants practically did not affect the general appearance of this species plants. The different intensity of heavy metal ions accumulation by the leaves of daylilies caused a certain degree of growth of free radical reactions-responses to stressors. For both studied species, a uniform and statistically significant increase in lipid peroxidation processes was established from the bud formation phase to the fruit ripening phase, as indicated by the content of TBC-active compounds in plant leaves. Thus, in H. middendorffii, despite the active absorption of most toxic elements, the development of oxidative stress was at a certain stationary level, and the amount of TBC-active compounds during the entire period of research exceeded the control indicators by only 1.2–1.4 times. In contrast, H. lilioasphodelus was more sensitive to the stressful effect of industrial pollutants. Even an insignificant level of zinc, nickel, lead, copper and cadmium against the background of a high iron content in the leaves of the species helped to increase the intensity of formation of free radical processes twice. We can recommend using of H. middendorffii, which has a high resistance to the negative effects of industrial pollutants containing heavy metals, as a promising species both for greening the industrial territories of the mining processing enterprises and in phytoremediation techniques in urban territories.
REINTRODUCTION OF THE PROTECTED SPECIES ADONIS VERNALIS L., TULIPA SCHRENKII REGEL DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ZHOVTOKAMYANSK DEPOSIT MINERALS
The development of minerals within the technogenically loaded regions leads to a decrease in areas and, accordingly, the habitats of wild plant species. Among wild plant species, special attention should be paid to species that reduce populations and need to preserve their numbers — protected species. Solving the problem of protected species conservation is carried out by compensating the state for the impact on plants associated with the extraction of minerals in the territory of their growing. This method does not solve the problem of preservation of species and phytodiversity as a whole. A promising direction is the reintroduction (resettlement) of species from natural habitats to loci located in used-up parts of quarries, industrial sites, etc. The reintroduction of the species Adonis vernalis L., Tulipa schrenkii Regel from natural habitats in the Severnaya ravine, which is located in the zone of expansion of the mining enterprise into the exhausted part of the Zhovtokamyansky open pit (Apostolivskyi district of the Dnipropetrovsk region), was carried out according to generally known approaches. The reintroduction took place in November 2020. In March 2021, populations of Adonis vernalis L. were in the generative phase and Tulipa schrenkii Regel in the virgin phase. Further research did not reveal the beginning of the flowering process in Schrenka’s tulip. The assessment of the effectiveness of the reintroduction of these protected species is preliminary. The possibility and necessity of taking measures to preserve phytodiversity in the conditions of mineral development without transferring plants to the territory of the nature reserve fund is shown. Plant reintroduction is becoming an increasingly used strategy for plant conservation, requiring improvement of modern methods, mapping of habitat suitability for endangered plant species. The importance of reintroduction as an element of the conservation paradigm of industrial botany is emphasized
Методичні аспекти екологічного виховання учнів в шкільному курсі хімії при вивченні води
Загальновідомо, що свідоме й бережливе ставлення до води повинне формуватися з дитинства у сім’ї та школі, за умови активного формування екологічної культури та накопичення систематичних знань про воду. Загальноосвітня школа покликана виховувати у школярів любов до природи, навчати основ охорони навколишнього середовища. Педагогічно правильна організація екологічного виховання є запорукою екологічно-свідомого майбутнього покоління.
Environmental education and methods of teaching natural disciplines
До вивчення диференціації едафічних умов розвитку рослинного покриву пришкільних стадіонів Кривого Рогу
В умовах урбоекосистем рослинний та ґрунтовий покрив формується під дією індустріальних чинників. Рекреаційні ландшафти утворюються як наслідок антропогенного перетворення ґрунтового покриву під час створення міських екосистем з неоднорідними едафічними умовами, які впливають на формування спонтанного компоненту рослинного покриву рекреаційних ділянок, а відповідно і на диференціацію рослинності. Едафічні умови відіграють одну з повідних ролей для розвитку рослинного покриву. Дослідженням ґрунтового та рослинного покриву регіону присвячені роботи ряда вчених. Едафічні умови розвитку рослинного покриву рекреаційних ділянок потребують більш детального вивчення.
Таксономічний склад деревно-чагарникових угруповань техноекотопів Кривбасу
Проблема збереження навколишнього середовища і створення сприятливих умов для життя людини набула в наш час глобального значення. Зокрема освоєння Криворізького промислового району спричинило негативні зміни в навколишньому природному середовищі, призвело до збільшення площ та поширення техногенних ландшафтів. При цьому дослідниками відзначається, що деревні насадження є потужним природним чинником протидії негативним для довкілля наслідкам техногенного впливу. Природні та культурні фітоценози значно поліпшують санітарно-гігієнічні, кліматичні і естетичні характеристики промислових регіонів. Встановлення таксономічного складу техноекотопів Кривбасу є важливим для визначення напрямків фітооптимізації.